Smart City Data Commons under the Data Governance Act - Lowering the Threshold Toward Introducing Smart City Data Commons
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5507/Keywords:
data governance act, DGA, EU law, commons, data, data governanceAbstract
Smart Cities will provide an unprecedented trove of data that is set to revolutionize the efficiency of cities and the competitiveness of businesses according to the EU’s Strategy for Data. The governance of this data is concerning, for it is already evident that non-personal data can significantly affect communities, an effect which would be amplified in a smart city. However, under the EU’s current legal framework the ability of communities to govern non-personal data in smart cities is almost non-existent. Consequently, smart city data commons have been highlighted as a possible solution, through which communities could be empowered to govern the data they generate. However, the question arises whether such commons could exist under the current EU legal framework. This paper aims to examine this question in the light of the Data Governance Act and whether smart city data commons could exist as data intermediation services or data altruism organizations.
References
ANDREANI, Stefano, KALCHSCHMIDT, Matteo, PINTO, Roberto, SAYEGH, Allen. Reframing technologically enhanced urban scenarios: A design research model towards human centered smart cities, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2019, vol. 142, pp. 15–25.
ARNSTEIN Sherry. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. (1969), Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1969, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 216–224.
BALESTRINI, Mara, ROGERS, Yvonne, HASSAN, Carolyn, CREUS, Javi, KING, Martha, MARSHALL, Paul. A City in Common: A Framework to Orchestrate Large-Scale Citizen Engagement Around Urban Issues. CHL Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2017.
BARR, Stewart, LAMPKIN, Sal, DAWKINS, Laura, WILLIAMSON, Daniel. Smart cities and behavioural change: (Un)sustainable mobilities in the neo-liberal city. Geoforum, 2021, vol. 125, pp. 140–149.
BECKWITH, Richard, SHERRY, John, PRENDERGAST, David. Data Flow in the Smart City: Open Data Versus the Commons. In DE LANGE Michiel, DE WAAL, Marjin (eds.). The Hackable City. Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 205–221.
BORRAS, Susana, EDLER, Jakob. The role of the state in the governance of sio-technical systems transformation. Research Policy, 2020, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1–31.
CARDULLO, Paolo, KITCHIN, Rob. Being a ’citizen’ in the smart city. GeoJournal, 2019, vol. 84, pp. 1–13.
CARDULLO, Paolo, KITCHIN, Rob. Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ’citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 2019, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 813–830.
CAROVANO, Gabriele, FINCK, Michele. Regulating Data Intermediaries: The Impact of the Data Governance Act on the EU’s data economy. Computer Law & Security Review, 2023, vol. 50, no. 5, pp.1–18.
Directive (EU) 2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public sector information (recast)
ENGELBERT, Jiska, VAN ZOONEN, Liesbet, HIRZALLA, Fadi. Excluding citizens from the European smart city: The discourse practice of pursuing and granting smartness. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2019, vol. 142, pp. 347–353.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. A European Strategy for Data. COM(2020) 66 final, 2020.
FINCK, Michele, MUELLER, Marie-Sophie. Access to Data for Environmental Purposes: Setting the Scene and Evaluating Recent Changes in EU Data. Journal of Environmental Law, 2023, vol. 35, pp. 109–131.
GÁBRIŠ, Tomáš; HAMUĽÁK, Ondrej. 5G and Digital Sovereignty of the EU: The Slovak Way. Taltech Journal of European Studies, 2021, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 25–47. ISSN 2674-4600. DOI 10.2478/ bjes-2021-0013.
HOLLANDS, Robert. Critical Interventions into the corporate smart city. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2015, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 61–77.
International Telecommunication Union, (2015). Smart sustainable cities: an analysis of definitions. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx, Accessed [10.11.2024].
KAJANDER, Aleksi. Legal Perspectives on Smart City Data As A Commons. International Comparative Law Review, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 7–26.
KNIEPS, Gunter. Internet of Things and Economics of Smart Sustainable Cities. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 2017, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 115–131.
LITTMAN, Jonathan. Waze Hijacked L.A. in the Name of Convenience. Can Anyone Put the genie Back in The Bottle? [Online] Available at: <https://lamag.com/featured/waze-los-angeles-neighborhoods > Accessed 05.05.2024.
MARCH, Hug, RIVERA-FUMAZ. Smart contradictions: The politics of making Barcelona a Self-sufficient city. European Urban and Regional Studies, 2016, vol, 23, no. 4, pp. 816–830.
MARQUES, Maria, MARQUES, Jamile, GARCIA, Blanca, CORTESE, Tatiana. Contributions to Knowledge-Based Development ThroughCommons Theory, Using Data as a Common Good. Revista de Gestao Ambiental e Sustentabilidade, 2021, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–25.
MARTIN, Chris, EVANS, James, KARVONEN, Andrew. Smart and sustainable? Five tensions in the visions and practices of the smart-sustainable city in Europe and North America. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2018, vol. 133, pp. 269–278.
MESZAROS, Edina. Collaborative Governance for Smart and Sustainable Cities of the 21st Century. Case Study: The City of Oradea. The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics, 2021, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 205–221.
MOROZOV, Evgeny, BRIA, Francesca. Rethinking the Smart City Democratizing Urban Technology. New York:Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 2018, pp. 1–53.
OSTROM, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Regulation (EU) 2022/868 of the European Parliament and the Council of 30 May 2022 on European data governance and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Data Governance Act).
VAN DEN BUUSE, Daniel, KOLK, Ans. An exploration of smart city approaches by international ICT firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2019, vol. 142, pp. 220–234.
VARDANYAN, Lusine; KOCHARYAN, Hovsep. Critical views on the phenomenon of EU digital sovereignty through the prism of global data governance reality: main obstacles and challenges. European Studies – Review of European law, Economics and Politics, 2022, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 110–132. DOI: 10.2478/eustu-2022-0016.
WILLIS, Katharine, NOLD. Sense and the city: An Emotional Data Framework for smart city governance. Journal of Urban Management, 2022, vol. 11, pp. 142–152.
ŽÁRSKA, Petra, MESARČÍK, Matúš. Dualistic Data Property Right: Solution for Controllership of Data in the European Union? International Comparative Law Review, 2021, Vol. 21, No.2., pp. 43–67. https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0013.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksi Kajander, Thomas Hoffmann (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
