The child's motor level and its influence on happiness and self-perception
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5507/magister.2021.143Keywords:
Self-concept, Pupils, Physical education, Primray schoolAbstract
Research on the relationship between motor skills, body image and happiness in life is usually focused on older age groups and is uncommon in younger school-age children. However, new findings in this area may have implications for the formation of a child's self-concept and success during schooling, and have implications for self-concept at older ages. The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between motor levels, physical self-concept and happiness in children attending primary school. The research population consisted of 97 children aged 9.39 (47 girls, 50 boys). The level of motor skills was assessed on the basis of the results of the TGMD-2 test (Ulrich, 2000). The perception of one's own body (so-called physical self-esteem) and the feeling of happiness were assessed by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale 2 questionnaire. A strong relationship was confirmed between physical self-esteem and sense of happiness (rs=0.73 p≤0.05). A weak relationship was found between the level of motor skills and sense of happiness (rs=0.22 p≤0.05). No gender differences were found in the level of motor skills, physical self-esteem and sense of happiness. The observed associations in the age category need to be further investigated and the results of the research to be reflected in the practice of primary schools.
References
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529- 1006.01431.
Bell, H. C., Pellis, S. M., & Kolb, B. (2010). Juvenile peer play experience and the development of the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices. Behavioural Brain Research, 207(1), 11 February 2010, Pages 7-13
Craig W., Pickett W., & King M. (2020). The health and wellbeing of Canadian adolescents: Findings from the 2018 health behaviour in
school-aged children study. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa.
Čepička, L. (2010). Normative data for the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 in 7-yr.-old children in the Czech Republic. Perceptual and Motor Skills,110(3), 1048-1052.
Dehghan, L., Mirzakhani, N., Rezaee, M., Tabatabaee, M., The Relationship Between Fine Motor Skills and Social Development and Maturation. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 2017, 15(4), 407-414.
Ekornås, B., Lundervold, A.J., Tjus, T., & Heimann, M. (2010). Anxiety disorders in 8-11-year-old children: motor skill performance and self-perception of competence. Scand J Psychol. 2010, 51(3), 271‐277. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00763.x.
Edwards, S.D, Ngcobo, H.S.B, Edwards, D.J., & Palavar, K. (2005). Exploring the relationship between physical activity, psychological well-being and physical self-perception in different exercise groups. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical 27(1), 59-79.
Fotiadou, Christodoulou, Tsimaras, Mousouli, & Soulis (2015). Motor Development and Self-Esteem of Children and Adolescents with Visual Impairment. Journal of Education in Practice, 5, 97-106.
Galvez C. A, Rodriguez, G.P. L., Rosa, G. A, Garcia-Canto E, & Perez-Soto J.J. et al. Relationship between body weight status and self-concept in school children. Nutr Hosp 2014, 31, 730–6.
Haapala, E. A., Poikkeus, A.-M., Tompuri, T. T., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Leppanen, P. H., Lindi, V., & Lakka, T. A. Associations of motor and cardiovascular performance with academic skills in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014, 46(5):1016–24 [cit. 2020-05-21]. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000186PMID:24126966.
Hartman, E., Houwen, S., & Visscher, C. Motor skill performance and sports participation in deaf elementary schoolchildren. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28 (2011), 132-145.
Husted, H.S. (2017). The Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Successfully Transitioning to University (2017). Undergraduate Honors Theses. 54. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychK_uht/54.
Jenni, O. G.; CHaouch, A., Caflisch, J. & Rousson, V. Correlations Between Motor and Intellectual Functions in Normally Developing Children Between 7 and 18 Years. Developmental Neuropsychology [online]. 2013, 38(2), 98-113 [cit. 2020-06-09]. DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2012.733785. ISSN 8756-5641. Dostupné z: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87565641.2012.733785.
Kim, H, Carlson, A.G., Curby, T.W., & Winsler, A. (2016). Relations among motor, social, and cognitive skills in pre-kindergarten children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 53-54:43–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.016 [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.016]
Loprinzi, P. D., Cardinal, B. J., Loprinzi, K. L., & Lee, H. (2012). Benefits and environmental determinants of physical activity in children and
adolescents. Obesity Facts, 5(4), 597–610.
Matějček, Z. (2005). Prvních 6 let ve vývoji a výchově dítěte. Praha, Grada Publishing. ISBN 80-247-0870-1.
Martinez-Gomez, D., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Veiga, O. L., Widhalm, K., et al. (2011). Excessive sedentary time and low cardiorespiratory fitness in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Arch. Dis. Child. 96,240-246 doi:10.1136/adc.2010.187161
McPhillips, M., & Jordan-Black, J. A. (2007). The effect of social disadvantage on motor development in young children: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1214–1222.
Murray L, Jennings S, Mortimer A, et al. (2018). The impact of early-years provision in Children's Centres (EPICC) on child cognitive and socio-emotional development: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):450. Published 2018 Aug 22. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2700-x.
Piek, J.P. , Dawson, L., Smith, L. M., & Gasson, N. (2008).The role of early fine and gross motor development on later motor and cognitive
ability. Human Movement Science, 27 (2008), 668-68.
Centres (EPICC) on child cognitive and socio-emotional development: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials.
;19(1):450. Published 2018 Aug 22. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2700-x.
Rendon-Macias, M. E., Rosas-Vargas, H., Villasis-Keever, M. A., & Perez-Garcia, C. (2014). Children’s perception on obesity and quality of life: a Mexican survey. BMC Pediatr 2014;14:131.
Rintala, P., & Loovis, E. M. (2013). Measuring Motor Skills in Finnish Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills,116(1),294-303.
Roope, L., & Anand, P. (2016). The development and happiness of very young children. Social Choice and Welfare, 47(4), 825–851.
Schonert‐Reichl, K. A., Smith, V., Zaidman‐Zait, A., & Hertzman, C. (2012). Promoting children's prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the “Roots of Empathy” program on the social and emotional competence of school‐aged children. School Mental Health, 4, 1– 21. doi:10.1007/s12310‐011‐9064‐7.
Sharif, S. (2014). School playground: Its impact on children’s learning and development.
Singer, E. (2015). Play and playfulness in early childhood education and care. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 8(2), 27-35. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2015.0203.
Söğüt, M., Clemente, F., Clark, C., Nikolaidis, P., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2019). Variations in Central Adiposity, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Objectively Measured Physical Activity According to Weight Status in Children (9–11 Years). Frontiers in Physiology. 10. 936.
Tabatabaee S, Shahbazi M, Bagherzadeh F. (2016). The relationship between motor development and social development of children in 6 to 10 years old in Mashhad (Persian)]. Development & Motor Learning. 2016; 8(2): 209-24.
Topçu, S., Orhon, F., Tayfun, M., Uçaktürk, S., & Demirel, F. (2016). Anxiety, depression and self-esteem levels in obese children: a case control study, Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 29(3), 357-361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015-0254.
Ulrich, D. A. (2000). The Test of Gross Motor Development. (2nded.) Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Van Dusen, D. P., Kelder, S. H., Kohl, H.W., Ranjit, N. & Perry, Ch. L. (2011). Associations of Physical Fitness and Academic Performance Among School children. J Sch Health [online]. 2011; 81(12):733–40 [cit. 2020-05-21]. DOI:10.1111/J.17461561.2011.00652.XPMID:WOS:000297242500 002. 11.
Whittingham, K., Fahey, M., Rawicki, B., & Boyd, R. (2010). The relationship between motor abilities and early social development in a preschool cohort of children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31 (2010), pp. 1346-1351.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
